Causes of Congenital Malformations

Monogenic: 7.5% of serious anomalies
)) X linked Hydrocephalus
)) Achondroplasia
)) Ectodermal Dysplasia
Chromosomal:
)) 6% of serious anomalies
)) Trisomies 21,18,13.
)) XO,XXY
)) Microdeletion Syndromes

Maternal Infection
)) 2% of serious anomalies Torch
Maternal illness:
)) 3.5 of serious anomalies
)) diabetes mellitus-TGA,Sacral angenesis,Cardiomyopathy
)) Phenylketonuria - Microcephaly
)) Hypothermia
Uterine Factors:
)) Oligohydramnios
)) Amniotic Bands
)) Twinning
Environmental Agents
))Alcohol
))Mercury
))Herbicide
))Radiation
Medications
))Thalidomide
))Anticonvulsants
))Diethylstilbestrol
))Vitamin A
))Cytotoxic Drugs
Nutritional:
)) Folic Acid & zinc Deficiencies.